Amazon Advertising (formerly AMS or Amazon Marketing Services) is a service that works in a similar way to pay-per-click ads on Google.
Google AdSense is a program run by Google through which website publishers serve advertisements that are targeted to the site content and audience.
Google Publisher Tag (GPT) is an ad tagging library for Google Ad Manager which is used to dynamically build ad requests.
OpenResty is a web platform based on nginx which can run Lua scripts using its LuaJIT engine.
Twitter is a 'microblogging' system that allows you to send and receive short posts called tweets.