Cloudflare is a web-infrastructure and website-security company, providing content-delivery-network services, DDoS mitigation, Internet security, and distributed domain-name-server services.
HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) informs browsers that the site should only be accessed using HTTPS.
OpenResty is a web platform based on nginx which can run Lua scripts using its LuaJIT engine.
PHP is a general-purpose scripting language used for web development.